2月(yue)21日下午，中國首條公里級(ji)高溫超(chao)(chao)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)纜(lan)示(shi)范工(gong)程啟(qi)動大會在(zai)上海(hai)(hai)寶山城市工(gong)業園區舉(ju)行。這(zhe)意味著(zhu)，高溫超(chao)(chao)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)纜(lan)示(shi)范工(gong)程作(zuo)為(wei)上海(hai)(hai)加快超(chao)(chao)導(dao)(dao)技術產業化(hua)的(de)重(zhong)要突(tu)破口，已經做好了技術儲備(bei)、工(gong)程建設、人才團隊、產業承載的(de)各項準(zhun)備(bei)，標志著(zhu)我國超(chao)(chao)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)纜(lan)實用產業化(hua)正式起步。

顛覆傳統電線電纜

高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)超導(dao)(dao)體(ti)是(shi)(shi)20世紀最偉大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發現(xian)之一。“超導(dao)(dao)體(ti)”是(shi)(shi)指能進行超導(dao)(dao)傳(chuan)輸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)材(cai)料(liao)。零電(dian)阻和抗磁性(xing)是(shi)(shi)超導(dao)(dao)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)重(zhong)要特性(xing)，特別是(shi)(shi)超導(dao)(dao)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)零電(dian)阻對于(yu)傳(chuan)統(tong)以銅(tong)、鋁為導(dao)(dao)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)纜更是(shi)(shi)顛覆性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。第二代高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)超導(dao)(dao)材(cai)料(liao)不(bu)像傳(chuan)統(tong)電(dian)纜那么粗壯笨重(zhong)，核心傳(chuan)導(dao)(dao)層薄如蟬翼(yi)，輕(qing)若鴻毛。1000米的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)超導(dao)(dao)帶材(cai)，就像皮(pi)尺(chi)一樣，可盤卷起來，一個(ge)人就可以輕(qing)松(song)拿起，更關鍵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸電(dian)能力比同(tong)尺(chi)寸(cun)銅(tong)導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)高(gao)(gao)出百倍。另據測算，用銅(tong)或鋁導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)輸電(dian)，約有(you)10左右%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)能損(sun)耗在輸電(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)上，光(guang)是(shi)(shi)在中國每(mei)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)力損(sun)失即(ji)達(da)上千億度。

專家(jia)解釋(shi)說，“高(gao)溫超導(dao)”的概念，并非老(lao)百(bai)姓心目(mu)中的日常“高(gao)溫”，而(er)是指相對于零(ling)下270攝(she)氏(shi)度的低溫超導(dao)而(er)言，高(gao)溫超導(dao)能在零(ling)下196攝(she)氏(shi)度（77K）實現零(ling)電阻，由于實現零(ling)下196攝(she)氏(shi)度低溫環境的成本大幅降低，因此顯露出(chu)廣闊的市(shi)場空間。

近幾年(nian)(nian)上(shang)(shang)海新材(cai)料產業穩步發展，在高溫超(chao)(chao)(chao)導領域上(shang)(shang)海潛心布局(ju)十年(nian)(nian)，掌(zhang)握了自(zi)主可(ke)控的核(he)心技術。啟動大會上(shang)(shang)，承(cheng)擔超(chao)(chao)(chao)導電纜研(yan)制的上(shang)(shang)海電纜研(yan)究所與(yu)上(shang)(shang)海超(chao)(chao)(chao)導、上(shang)(shang)創(chuang)超(chao)(chao)(chao)導兩家超(chao)(chao)(chao)導帶(dai)材(cai)公司，與(yu)國(guo)網上(shang)(shang)海電力(li)公司，分別(bie)簽訂了帶(dai)材(cai)供應(ying)和工程運維的合作協議(yi)。

2019年底實現(xian)掛(gua)網運行(xing)

據介紹，本次示范工(gong)程使用(yong)的(de)高溫(wen)超(chao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)將(jiang)在上海(hai)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所超(chao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)中(zhong)試基(ji)(ji)地完成一系列研制生(sheng)產(chan)過程。基(ji)(ji)地作(zuo)為(wei)國(guo)內首個超(chao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)中(zhong)試平臺，擁有可連續大(da)長(chang)(chang)度生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)超(chao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)工(gong)藝車間、超(chao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)低溫(wen)實(shi)驗室(shi)、智能化超(chao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)數據中(zhong)心、超(chao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)電(dian)(dian)氣研究(jiu)(jiu)實(shi)驗室(shi)、超(chao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)高壓大(da)廳等，為(wei)開展超(chao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產(chan)業化中(zhong)試研究(jiu)(jiu)打下(xia)良好的(de)基(ji)(ji)礎。該基(ji)(ji)地集高溫(wen)超(chao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)系統(tong)設計(ji)、研發(fa)、生(sheng)產(chan)、檢(jian)測評估(gu)及技術咨(zi)詢于一體(ti)，是目前國(guo)內**具(ju)備(bei)在線連續化生(sheng)產(chan)大(da)長(chang)(chang)度高溫(wen)超(chao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)單位，可為(wei)電(dian)(dian)網用(yong)戶提供超(chao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)工(gong)程化應用(yong)一攬子(zi)的(de)解決方案。

此(ci)次啟動的中(zhong)國首(shou)條(tiao)公里級高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)超(chao)導(dao)電纜示(shi)范(fan)工程，長(chang)度1.2公里，預計2019年底實(shi)現掛網(wang)運行，將全面、系統驗(yan)證自主高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)超(chao)導(dao)技術(shu)在超(chao)大(da)城市中(zhong)心城區與電網(wang)耦合(he)運行的可靠(kao)性(xing)、穩定性(xing)和(he)經濟性(xing)，積累**手的應用數據和(he)經驗(yan)，為推進高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)超(chao)導(dao)材料在智能電網(wang)改造中(zhong)實(shi)現產業(ye)化(hua)應用推廣(guang)奠定基(ji)礎，將成為上(shang)海前沿新材料推動創新成果產業(ye)化(hua)的典型范(fan)例。

隨著示范工(gong)程的(de)(de)試點應用，在(zai)不(bu)久(jiu)的(de)(de)未來，高溫(wen)超(chao)(chao)導輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有望在(zai)上(shang)海智能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網建設上(shang)率先實現產業化推廣(guang)：一是(shi)城市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網改造和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力擴(kuo)容方面，發揮高溫(wen)超(chao)(chao)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜載流量大、體積小的(de)(de)優(you)(you)勢，在(zai)城市老舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網改造，尤其(qi)是(shi)狹(xia)窄空間(jian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力增容擴(kuo)容過程中，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)更優(you)(you)化的(de)(de)解決方案；二是(shi)人口密(mi)集區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力設施(shi)建設方面，發揮高溫(wen)超(chao)(chao)導輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基本(ben)沒有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁輻射(she)、系(xi)統可靠性(xing)高、節能環保(bao)等(deng)優(you)(you)勢，緩解群眾對變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站、變(bian)(bian)壓器、輸(shu)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力基礎設施(shi)的(de)(de)抵觸心理，降(jiang)低工(gong)程時間(jian)成本(ben)和(he)實施(shi)難(nan)度。高溫(wen)超(chao)(chao)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜示范工(gong)程作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)產業化前(qian)中試性(xing)質的(de)(de)示范應用，是(shi)實現超(chao)(chao)導材料在(zai)輸(shu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)領域規(gui)模化應用的(de)(de)必由(you)之路(lu)。

全球研(yan)究開發方興未艾

當前，全球范圍內較長(chang)距離高(gao)溫超(chao)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的研究開發方(fang)興未(wei)艾，高(gao)溫超(chao)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的實(shi)用(yong)化、商用(yong)化進程正(zheng)在(zai)加速，已有多(duo)組長(chang)距離高(gao)溫超(chao)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)并入實(shi)際電(dian)(dian)網運(yun)行，主(zhu)要集(ji)中在(zai)美國(guo)(guo)、日本、韓國(guo)(guo)、德國(guo)(guo)。目前已投運(yun)的最(zui)長(chang)高(gao)溫超(chao)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)位于德國(guo)(guo)埃森市，全長(chang)約為1公里，采用(yong)**代超(chao)導(dao)材料(liao)BSCCO。

隨著(zhu)全球越來越關注(zhu)高溫(wen)超(chao)導(dao)(dao)輸電(dian)技(ji)術的發(fa)展，多國(guo)(guo)正(zheng)在(zai)(zai)計劃開展超(chao)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)大(da)規(gui)模(mo)商業化應用(yong)(yong)(yong)。如美國(guo)(guo)AMSC已(yi)經正(zheng)式啟動將三(san)大(da)電(dian)網實現(xian)完全互聯和(he)可再生能源發(fa)電(dian)并(bing)網的“Tres Amigas超(chao)級(ji)變電(dian)站”項(xiang)目，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)高壓直流超(chao)導(dao)(dao)輸電(dian)技(ji)術實現(xian)電(dian)網互聯。韓(han)國(guo)(guo)正(zheng)在(zai)(zai)推動現(xian)有電(dian)力(li)傳輸網采用(yong)(yong)(yong)高溫(wen)超(chao)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的進(jin)程，預計在(zai)(zai)未來五年(nian)內(nei)將實現(xian)50km高溫(wen)超(chao)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)在(zai)(zai)實際商業電(dian)網中的使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)和(he)服(fu)務。此外(wai)，日本、德國(guo)(guo)、荷蘭、丹麥等國(guo)(guo)家(jia)也正(zheng)在(zai)(zai)積極運籌本國(guo)(guo)的超(chao)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)規(gui)劃，構建超(chao)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)輸電(dian)網絡。

其實(shi)，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)自“九五(wu)”以來即開(kai)展高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)超導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)，先后研制(zhi)出多條(tiao)不同長度和(he)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)超導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)并投入實(shi)際(ji)工(gong)程(cheng)運(yun)用(yong)，為(wei)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)超導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)設(she)計(ji)、制(zhi)造和(he)運(yun)行(xing)積(ji)累了重(zhong)要經驗。2013年，上(shang)海電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)研究(jiu)(jiu)所牽(qian)頭建成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)內首套30米(mi)、35kV、低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)絕(jue)緣高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)超導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)在(zai)寶山鋼鐵股份有限公(gong)司(si)掛網運(yun)行(xing)，標志著我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)在(zai)實(shi)用(yong)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)絕(jue)緣高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)超導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)技(ji)術中獲(huo)得重(zhong)大突(tu)破，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)上(shang)少數成(cheng)(cheng)功建設(she)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)絕(jue)緣高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)超導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)示(shi)(shi)范工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家。目前國(guo)(guo)內尤其是東部沿(yan)海地區，對建設(she)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)超導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)示(shi)(shi)范工(gong)程(cheng)都(dou)表現出極大興趣。如(ru)南(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)網已(yi)選(xuan)址(zhi)深(shen)圳平安大廈建設(she)420米(mi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)超導(dao)(dao)輸電(dian)(dian)示(shi)(shi)范工(gong)程(cheng)，并完成(cheng)(cheng)項目立項；天津富通百米(mi)級二代超導(dao)(dao)示(shi)(shi)范線已(yi)掛網運(yun)行(xing)；河北雄安新區亦有意向在(zai)智能(neng)電(dian)(dian)網建設(she)中采用(yong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)超導(dao)(dao)輸電(dian)(dian)技(ji)術等(deng)。